Seq No. Metadata item Obligation Max occurs - Specialist Homelessness Services accommodation type and start/end date cluster Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
Clients may have start and end dates for each of the accommodation types provided during the collection month.
Multiple accommodation types, start dates and end dates may be entered. In a month of 31 days, up to 16 accommodation types, and related start dates or end dates are possible. The dates selected should be valid for the collection month (i.e. September the 30th is a valid date, but the 31st is not a valid date).
Conditional 16 - Specialist Homelessness Services activity cluster Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
Conditional 1 - Specialist Homelessness Services disability flag cluster Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at presentation.
Conditional 1 - Specialist Homelessness Services financial assistance type and amount cluster Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this cluster is collected at the end of the reporting period (for the current service episode only).
Conditional 1 - Statistical linkage key 581 cluster DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this cluster is collected at the date of presentation.
For the purposes of the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS the SLK of the Presenting Unit Head will be recorded on each their accompanying member’s forms.
Mandatory 1 - Address—Australian postcode, code (Postcode datafile) NNNN Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is reported twice, for:
Conditional 2 - Address—suburb/town/locality name, text X[X(45)] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is reported twice, for:
Conditional 2 - Child—care arrangements, care and protection order code N[N] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N , must receive a response of Yes (Code 1).
This data element is only collected for clients aged less than 18 years, who have a care and protection order.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
Conditional 4 - Client—case management goal status, code N Conditional obligation:
Conditional on a Yes (Code 1) response to Client—case management plan indicator, yes/no code N .
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the end of each reporting period, i.e. each calendar month.
Conditional 1 - Client—case management plan indicator, yes/no code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the end of each reporting period, i.e. each calendar month.
Conditional 1 - Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
The data collected in the Specialist Homelessness Services (SHS) NMDS will be used for policy development and agency activity reporting in a non-identifiable form. This information will enable better placement of agency services and enhance service provision to clients of homelessness agencies
Conditional 1 - Client—reason case management plan does not exist, code N Conditional obligation:
This data element is conditional on a response of No (Code 2) in the data element Client—case management plan indicator, yes/no code N .
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the end of each reporting period, i.e. each calendar month.
Conditional 1 - Client—reason case management plan does not exist, text A[A(49)] Conditional obligation:
This data element is conditional on a response of Other (Code 8) for the data element Client—reason case management plan does not exist, code N .
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the end of each reporting period, i.e. each calendar month.
Conditional 1 - Person—Australian Defence Force indicator, yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only collected for clients aged 18 years and over.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
This collection records a response of Don't know (Code 99) which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard. Where a client is aged less than 18 years a response of Not applicable (Code 0) may be used.
Conditional 1 - Person—Australian state/territory identifier, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is reported twice, for:
Conditional 2 - Person—conditions of occupancy, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
Please note that Leased tenure - nominated on lease (Code 1) - and Lease in place - not nominated on lease (Code 2) are only selected if a lease is in place. Codes 3 to 6 only apply if the person's name is not on a lease.
Conditional 4 - Person—country of birth, code (SACC 2016) NNNN Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
This data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the AIHW. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N , must receive a response of Yes (Code 1).
Conditional 1 - Person—first service request indicator, yes/no/unknown/not stated/inadequately described code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is only collected for turnaways. Turnaways are people who have not received any requested services or assessment. This data element is applied to an individual 24-hour reporting period.
Conditional 1 - Person—formally diagnosed mental health condition indicator, yes/no/don't know/can't remember code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N , must receive a response of Yes (Code 1).
DSS specific information:
Evidence suggests that the longer persons with mental health problems are supported by specialist homelessness services, the more likely they are to move into public, or community housing or rental housing rather than return to rough sleeping. Access to a range of longer-term supports and community-based services will increase the early intervention and recovery support options for people who are homeless with a mental illness and substance abuse disorders.
Conditional 1 - Person—full-time/part-time status, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients. This item is conditional on a response of Employed (Code 1) in the data element Person—labour force status, code N .
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard.
Conditional 4 - Person—government funding identifier, Centrelink customer reference number N(9)A Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is conditional on the consent of the client.
DSS specific information:
The states and territories have agreed to include Centrelink customer reference numbers in the NMDS, however this information is not currently recorded as issues of confidentiality are yet to be resolved.
Conditional 1 - Person—housing tenure type, homelessness code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
Conditional 4 - Person—Indigenous status, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N , must receive a response of Yes (Code 1).
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
Conditional 1 - Person—labour force status, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard.
Conditional 4 - Person—living arrangement, homelessness code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard.
Conditional 4 - Person—main language other than English spoken at home, code (ASCL 2016) N[NNN] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
Where a client is without a home, record main language spoken other than English.
This collection records the ABS classification supplementary code Not Stated (0002).
Conditional 1 - Person—mental health services received indicator, yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N , must receive a response of Yes (Code 1).
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
Conditional 1 - Person—mental health services received timeframe, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the AIHW. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N , must receive a response of Yes (Code 1).
This item is also conditional on the client responding to the data element Person—mental health services received indicator, Yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N with Yes (Code 1).
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
Conditional 1 - Person—new client indicator, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is used to gain an idea of the 'trend of homelessness'. It does this by collecting data as to whether or not the presenting person has accessed a specialist homelessness agency before.
Conditional 1 - Person—number of people presenting, total N[N] DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
Mandatory 1 - Person—participation in National Disability Insurance Scheme indicator, yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
This collection records a response of Don't know (Code 99) which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard.
Conditional 1 - Person—period of time since last permanent living place, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Don't know/Not sure (Code 9) in the Standard.
Conditional 1 - Person—previously homeless status, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected a minimum of twice (for the client):
within the previous month within the previous year. If a client has indicated that they were homeless in the last month, then by default they should be recorded as homeless in the last 12 months.
This question allows the client to check all responses that apply, and therefore the client may have up to 3 valid responses for each instance of this question.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard.
Conditional 6 - Person—previously resided in institution/facility indicator, yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation. This data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the AIHW. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N , must receive a response of Yes (Code 1).
Conditional 1 - Person—principal source of cash income, code NNNN Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
This data element reflects the Australia Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Sources of income standard variable. Consequently, the value domain definitions explicitly exclude anyone aged under 15.
If income information on children under 15 years is sought for the Specialist Homelessness Services (SHS) NMDS, these persons may also be asked the sources of income questions. However, if comparability with ABS collections is required, the SHS data can be filtered using the age data element to remove responses for children aged under 15.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services (SHS) NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
For the purposes of the SHS collection the following list is used which aggregates to the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Sources of Income Classification.
Government pensions and allowances
Newstart allowance
Parenting payment
Disability support pension (Centrelink)
Youth allowance
Age pension
Austudy/Abstudy
DVA pension or payment
Sickness allowance
Carer allowance
Carer payment
Other government pensions and allowances
Other sources of income
Employee income
Unincorporated business income
Other income nec
Nil income
Not stated/not known/inadequately described
Conditional 4 - Person—proficiency in spoken English, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is conditional on the client speaking a language other than English at home. The data element Person—main language other than English spoken at home, code (ASCL 2016) N[NNN] must receive a response of Yes, other - please specify for this data to be collected. This data element is also only collected for clients aged 5 years and over.
For clients who respond to the data element Person—main language other than English spoken at home, code (ASCL 2016) N[NNN] No, English only and for clients aged less than 5 a Not applicable response is recorded.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
This collection records a response of Don't know (Code 99) which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard.
This collection records a response of Not applicable (Code 0) which is equivalent to the code Not applicable (Code 7) in the Standard.
Conditional 1 - Person—reason for seeking assistance, homelessness code N[N] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
This data element is collected twice (for the client):
for all the presenting reasons for seeking assistance; and subsequently for the main presenting reason for seeking assistance In both cases the reasons are those nominated by the client.
This question allows the client to check all responses that apply for all the presenting reasons for seeking assistance (up to 26 valid responses). The client should also select one main reason for seeking assistance.
Conditional 27 - Person—reason for seeking assistance, text A[A(49)] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation. This data element is conditional on the person responding with Other (Code 26), in the data element Person—reason for seeking assistance, homelessness code N[N] .
Conditional 1 - Person—reason service not provided, code N[N] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected only for 'turnaways'. Turnaways are people who have not received any requested services or assessment.
DSS specific information:
This question allows the person to check all responses that apply, and therefore the person may have up to 11 valid responses.
Conditional 11 - Person—registered/awaiting government payment indicator, yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is only collected for clients who report nil income (Code 17) in Person—principal source of cash income, code NNNN .
This question establishes whether clients may have applied for a government benefit, pension or allowance, but are still awaiting their first payment.
DSS specific information:
This data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard
Conditional 4 - Person—relationship to the presenting unit head, code N[N] DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
Mandatory 1 - Person—relationship to the presenting unit head, text A[A(49)] Conditional obligation:
This data element is conditional on the person responding with Other relationship (Code 15), in the data element Person—relationship to the presenting unit head, code N[N] .
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
Conditional 1 - Person—residential type, code N[N] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 99) in the Standard.
Conditional 4 - Person—school enrolment and attendance status, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS this data element is collected for all clients from age 4 to 18 years (inclusive). This data element is not collected for children aged 4 years who have not started school.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard.
Conditional 1 - Person—service requested, homelessness code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is only collected for 'turnaways'. Turnaways are people who have not received any requested services.
DSS specific information:
This question allows the person to check all responses that apply, and therefore the person may have up to 5 valid responses for this question.
Conditional 5 - Person—source of information on a mental health issue, code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N must receive a response of Yes (Code 1).
It is also conditional on a response of Yes (Code 1) to Person—source of information on a mental health condition, Yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N .
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation. This data element is collected from the perspective of the agency worker. The agency worker may answer this question based on their personal observations, or from information volunteered by the client. If the client does not agree to answer the questions which require consent, the agency worker will be unable to report this information.
Conditional 1 - Person—source of information on a mental health issue, yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N , must receive a response of Yes (Code 1)
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
Conditional 1 - Person—student type, code N Conditional obligation:
Conditional on responding to Person—student/employment training indicator, Yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N with a Yes (Code 1).
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard.
Conditional 4 - Person—student/employment training indicator, yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected four times, for the following points in time:
Only one permissible value is selected in each case.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Inadequately described (Code 9) in the Standard.
Conditional 4 - Person—type of institution or facility previously resided in, code N[N] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is conditional on the client providing consent to release their personal data to the AIHW. The data element Client—consent indicator, yes/no code N , must receive a response of Yes (Code 1).
This item is also conditional on a response of Yes (Code 1) in the data element Person—previously resided in institution/facility indicator, Yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N .
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation. This data element refers to institutions or facilities the client may have been in during the last 12 months. This question allows the client to check all responses that apply, and therefore the client may have up to 7 valid responses.
The value Other (Code 98) is not used by this collection.
Conditional 7 - Person—urgency of requested assistance, time period code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is only collected for 'turnaways'. Turnaways are people who have not received the requested services or assessment.
DSS specific information:
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Don't know/Not sure (Code 7) in the Standard.
Conditional 1 - Person—year of first arrival in Australia, date YYYY Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is ascertained for all clients who have indicated that their Country of Birth is not Australia.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
The supplementary code Don't know (Code 9999) is used to process client data if a valid year of arrival is not provided.
Conditional 1 - Referral—formal referral source, homelessness code N[N] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services (SHS) NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the SHS NMDS, this data element is collected at the date of presentation.
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Don't know (Code 23) in the Standard.
The collection also records a response of No formal referral (Code 88).
Conditional 1 - Service episode—episode end date, DDMMYYYY Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS this data element is the support period end date.
Conditional 1 - Service episode—episode start date, DDMMYYYY Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS this data element is the support period start date.
Conditional 1 - Service episode—reporting period, date MMYYYY DSS specific information:
This data element reflects the month that information was collected from the person. It is recorded for both clients and turnaways.
Mandatory 1 - Service episode—service cessation reason, homelessness code N[N] Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients if the support period has finished.
DSS specific information:
This collection records a response of Don't Know (Code 99), which is equivalent to the code Not stated/Unknown (Code 99) in the Standard.
Conditional 1 - Service episode—service ongoing indicator, yes/no/not stated/inadequately described code N Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
The code Not stated/inadequately described (Code 9) is not used by this collection.
Conditional 1 - Service event—assistance request date, DDMMYYYY DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is relevant to 'turnaways' and clients. It captures the date on which a person sought assistance from a Specialist Homelessness Agency. This may not be the same date the assistance or service is received by the client.
Mandatory 1 - Service event—first service contact date, DDMMYYYY Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected for all clients.
This data element is collected for the first service contact date within the reporting period. If the first service contact was also the start of the service episode, as recorded by the data element Service episode—episode start date, DDMMYYYY , then the same date will be recorded for both data elements. If the service episode is ongoing but the service event is new, then the actual date of the new service event should be recorded.
This data element should ascertain the actual date of service, not the date when the data is recorded.
Conditional 1 - Service event—last service provision date, DDMMYYYY Conditional obligation:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this item is only asked of clients.
DSS specific information:
In the Specialist Homelessness Services NMDS, this data element is collected for all clients.
This data element is collected for the last service provision date within the reporting period. If the last provision of a service was also the end of the service episode, as recorded by the data element Service episode—episode end date, DDMMYYYY , then the same date will be recorded for both data elements.
If the last provision of a service is not the end of the service episode (i.e. where other services continue to be provided) the actual date of the end of the service event should be recorded. However if the service event within the service episode is ongoing to the next reporting period, ie ongoing to the following month, then the Service event—last service provision date, DDMMYYYY will be recorded as the last day of the current month.
This data element should ascertain the actual date of service, not the date when the data is recorded.
Conditional 1 - Service provider organisation—organisation identifier, NNNNNA Mandatory 1 
