National Indigenous Reform Agreement: PI 08-Tobacco smoking during pregnancy, 2020
Indicator Attributes
Identifying and definitional attributes | |
Metadata item type: | Indicator |
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Indicator type: | Indicator |
Short name: | PI 08-Tobacco smoking during pregnancy, 2020 |
METEOR identifier: | 718486 |
Registration status: | Indigenous, Standard 23/08/2019 |
Description: | The proportion of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, by Indigenous status. |
Rationale: | Smoking during pregnancy can affect the growth and development of the fetus and infant and can carry through to childhood. |
Indicator set: | National Indigenous Reform Agreement (2020) Indigenous, Standard 23/08/2019 |
Outcome area: | Indigenous children are born and remain healthy Indigenous, Standard 21/07/2010 |
Data quality statement: | National Indigenous Reform Agreement: PI 08-Tobacco smoking during pregnancy, 2020; Quality Statement Indigenous, Standard 06/02/2020 |
Collection and usage attributes | |
Computation description: | Analysis by state/territory and remoteness is based on the usual residence of the mother. Data exclude Australian non-residents, residents of external territories and records where state/territory of residence was not stated. Crude rates are calculated for Indigenous Australians. Age-standardised rates are calculated for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Rate ratios and rate differences are calculated for comparisons between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (using age-standardised rates). For variability bands: Variability bands are to be calculated for rates using the standard method (see Definition below). For trends: Percentage change and statistical significance of change is to be calculated (required for reporting of progress over time). Presentation: Number, rate expressed as a percentage, rate ratios, rate differences and variability bands. Definitions: Standard method for variability band computation: Rates derived from administrative data counts are not subject to sampling error but may still be subject to natural random variation, especially for small counts. A 95% confidence interval (CI) for an estimate is a range of values which is very likely (95 times out of 100) to contain the true unknown value. Where the 95% CIs of two estimates do not overlap it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant difference between the two estimates. This is the standard method used in Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) publications for which formulas can be sourced from Breslow and Day (1987) in the publication Statistical methods in cancer research. Typically in the standard method, the observed rate is assumed to have natural variability in the numerator count (for example, deaths, hospital visits) but not in the population denominator count. Also, the rate is assumed to have been generated from a Normal distribution ('Bell curve'). Random variation in the numerator count is assumed to be centred around the true value; that is, there is no systematic bias. |
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Computation: | Crude rate (expressed as a percentage): 100 x (Numerator ÷ Denominator). Age-standardised rate (expressed as a percentage): calculated using the direct method, using five-year age groups from 15–19 to 40–44, with the 30 June 2001 Australian female estimated resident population (ERP) based on the 2001 Census as the standard population. Age-standardisation should be done in accordance with the National Indigenous Reform Agreement Performance Information Management Group (NIRAPIMG) agreed principles for direct age-standardisation (see Comments section. Note that Principle 4 is not applicable for this indicator). Rate ratio: Indigenous age-standardised rate divided by non-Indigenous age-standardised rate. Rate difference: Indigenous age-standardised rate minus non-Indigenous age-standardised rate. Variability band: to be calculated using the standard method for estimating 95% CIs as follows: Crude rate: Where CI = confidence interval CR = crude rate n = number of females who gave birth with known smoking status Age-standardised rate: Where CI = confidence interval ASR = age-standardised rate wi = the proportion of the standard population in age group i di = the number of females who smoked during pregnancy in age group i ni = the number of females who gave birth that year with known smoking status in the population in age group i. Percentage change: Calculated by multiplying the average annual change over the period by the number of data points less 1. This is then divided by the rate for the first year in the series and multiplied by 100. The average annual change in rates, rate ratios and rate differences are calculated using linear regression which uses the least squares method to calculate a straight line that best fits the data and returns an array that best describes the line. The simple linear regression line, Y = a + bX, or ‘slope’ estimate was used to determine the average annual change in the data over the period. The formula used to calculate the slope estimate and standard error of the slope in Microsoft Excel is: LINEST (known_y’s, known_x’s, true) entered as an array formula (Ctrl, Shift, Enter). Statistical significance of change: The 95% CIs for the standard error of the slope estimate (average annual change) are used to determine whether the apparent increases or decreases in the data are statistically significant at the p<0.05 level. The formula used to calculate the CIs for the standard error of the slope estimate is: 95% CI(x) = x ± 1.96 x SE(x) where x is the average annual change (slope estimate). If the upper and lower 95% CIs do not include zero, then it can be concluded that there is statistical evidence of an increasing or decreasing trend in the data over the study period. |
Numerator: | Number of females who smoked during pregnancy. |
Numerator data elements: | |
Denominator: | Total number of females who gave birth with known smoking status during pregnancy. |
Denominator data elements: | |
Disaggregation: | Current period—(2017): For Indigenous females only (number and crude rate):
Time series—2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 (the data for these years have been previously supplied), 2017 (required for reporting): For Indigenous and non-Indigenous females (number, age-standardised rate, rate ratio, rate difference and variability bands):
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Disaggregation data elements: | |
Comments: | Most recent data available for the 2020 National Indigenous Reform Agreement (NIRA) Report (2018–19 reporting cycle) is 2017. There were no data elements in the Perinatal national minimum data set (NMDS) for maternal smoking in pregnancy prior to July 2010. A program for national data development was completed in 2009 to add nationally agreed data items on smoking during pregnancy to the Perinatal NMDS from 1 July 2010. For earlier time periods, non-standardised information is obtained as part of the National Perinatal Data Collection (NPDC). Data about maternal smoking in pregnancy were available from the 2012 report onwards for all states and territories. For the 2010 and 2011 reports, data were available for New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Information is included in the NPDC for all live births and stillbirths of at least 400 grams birthweight or at least 20 weeks gestation. Maternal age is the age at the time of giving birth. To report trends, the body assessing progress over time may separately request percentage change and statistical significance testing for this indicator directly from the data provider (AIHW). Variability bands accompanying perinatal data should be used for the purpose of comparisons over time and for national estimates at a point in time for Indigenous/non-Indigenous comparisons. Baseline year for the Council of Australian Governments' Closing the Gap target (Halve the gap in mortality rates for Indigenous children under 5 within a decade) is 2008; baseline year for this indicator is 2007; target year is 2018. NIRAPIMG agreed Principles for reporting directly age-standardised rates for administrative data. Note that Principle 4 is not applicable for this indicator. Overarching principle: Before undertaking age-standardisation, analysts must investigate the data being used to understand the age-specific distribution and any limitations that may impact on the results. Principle 1: The standard population used should be the Australian estimated resident population as at 30 June 2001 (for this indicator, females aged 15–44) based on the 2001 Census. Principle 2: If the denominator is less than 30 in any one age group, then do not attempt to produce age-standardised rates. Age groups may be collapsed to obtain a denominator of 30 or more (provided that this is in accordance with Principle 3). Principle 3: If the total number of Indigenous events (for example, deaths, hospital separations) is less than 20, then do not attempt to produce age-standardised rates. Combining several years of data, or aggregating jurisdictions should be considered to obtain a total of 20 or more events. If this does not meet the purpose (that is, data are required for time series or jurisdictional comparisons), or does not result in a total of 20 or more events, then other measures and contextual information should be reported instead of age-standardised rates which could include total number of events, crude rates, age-specific rates, age-specific rate ratios and median age at death. Principle 4: Not applicable. Principle 5: Additional contextual information (most importantly age-specific rates and ratios) should be provided in addition to age-standardised rates when: a) the age-standardised rates and rate ratios lie largely outside the range of the age-specific rates and rate ratios b) the pattern of age-specific rates of the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations differ substantially (for example, deaths from a certain cause concentrate on younger ages for the Indigenous population while for the non-Indigenous they may occur at older ages) c) the age-specific rates depart from the assumption of a uniform increase in death with age (for example, injury which peaks in the young adult to middle-ages and certain cancers amenable to treatment for some age groups) d) the condition of interest is largely confined to a specific age range (for example, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and females who give birth). In such instances, age-standardisation could be restricted to include the age groups within this age range only. Principle 6: For conditions restricted to a specific age group (for example, conditions originating in the perinatal period and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)), it is recommended to report the age-specific rate for the age group of interest instead of the age-standardised rate. The term ‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’ is preferred when referring to the separate Indigenous peoples of Australia. However, the term ‘Indigenous’ is used interchangeably with ‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander’ in this indicator to assist readability. |
Representational attributes | |
Representation class: | Percentage |
Data type: | Real |
Unit of measure: | Person |
Format: | NN.N |
Indicator conceptual framework | |
Framework and dimensions: | Health Behaviours |
Data source attributes | |
Data sources: | |
Accountability attributes | |
Reporting requirements: | National Indigenous Reform Agreement. |
Organisation responsible for providing data: | Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. |
Source and reference attributes | |
Submitting organisation: | Australian Institute of Health and Welfare |
Steward: | National Indigenous Reform Agreement Performance Information Management Group |
Reference documents: | Breslow NE & Day NE (eds) 1987. Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume II: The design and analysis of cohort studies. IARC Scientific Publications No. 82. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Viewed 14 June 2019, http://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Scientific-Publications/Statistical-Methods-In-Cancer-Research-Volume-II-The-Design-And-Analysis-Of-Cohort-Studies-1986 |
Relational attributes | |
Related metadata references: | Supersedes National Indigenous Reform Agreement: PI 08-Tobacco smoking during pregnancy, 2019 Indigenous, Superseded 23/08/2019 |