Person—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (measured), total millimoles per litre [N].NN

Information specific to this data set:

High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) is easily measured and has been shown to be a negative predictor of future coronary events.

An inverse relationship between the level of HDL-C and the risk of developing premature coronary heart disease (CHD) has been a consistent finding in a large number of prospective population studies. In many of these studies, the level of HDL-C has been the single most powerful predictor of future coronary events. Key studies of the relationship between HDLs and CHD include the Framingham Heart Study (Castelli et al. 1986), the PROCAM Study (Assman et al 1998), the Helsinki Heart Study (Manninen et al. 1992) and the MRFIT study (Stamler et al. 1986; Neaton et al 1992).

There are several well-documented functions of HDLs that may explain the ability of these lipoproteins to protect against arteriosclerosis (Barter and Rye 1996). The best recognised of these is the cholesterol efflux from cells promoted by HDLs in a process that may minimise the accumulation of foam cells in the artery wall. The major proteins of HDLs and also other proteins (e.g. paraoxonase) that co-transport with HDLs in plasma have anti-oxidant properties. Thus, HDLs have the ability to inhibit the oxidative modification of LDLs and may therefore reduce the atherogenicity of these lipoproteins.

Overall, it has been concluded from the prospective population studies that for every 0.025 mmol/L increase in HDL-C, the coronary risk is reduced by 2-5%. For a review of the relationship between HDL-C and CHD, see Barter and Rye (1996). A level below 1.0 mmol/L increases risk approximately 2-fold (Gordon et al. 1989; Assmann et al. 1998). (Lipid Management Guidelines - 2001, MJA 2001; 175: S57-S88.

In settings such as general practice where the monitoring of a person's health is ongoing and where a measure can change over time, the Service contact date should be recorded.

Information specific to this data set:

High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) is easily measured and has been shown to be a negative predictor of future coronary events.

An inverse relationship between the level of HDL-C and the risk of developing premature coronary heart disease (CHD) has been a consistent finding in a large number of prospective population studies. In many of these studies, the level of HDL-C has been the single most powerful predictor of future coronary events. Key studies of the relationship between HDLs and CHD include the Framingham Heart Study (Castelli et al. 1986), the PROCAM Study (Assman et al 1998), the Helsinki Heart Study (Manninen et al. 1992) and the MRFIT study (Stamler et al. 1986; Neaton et al 1992).

There are several well-documented functions of HDLs that may explain the ability of these lipoproteins to protect against arteriosclerosis (Barter and Rye 1996). The best recognised of these is the cholesterol efflux from cells promoted by HDLs in a process that may minimise the accumulation of foam cells in the artery wall. The major proteins of HDLs and also other proteins (e.g. paraoxonase) that co-transport with HDLs in plasma have anti-oxidant properties. Thus, HDLs have the ability to inhibit the oxidative modification of LDLs and may therefore reduce the atherogenicity of these lipoproteins.

Overall, it has been concluded from the prospective population studies that for every 0.025 mmol/L increase in HDL-C, the coronary risk is reduced by 2-5%. For a review of the relationship between HDL-C and CHD, see Barter and Rye (1996). A level below 1.0 mmol/L increases risk approximately 2-fold (Gordon et al. 1989; Assmann et al. 1998). (Lipid Management Guidelines - 2001, MJA 2001; 175: S57-S88.

In settings such as general practice where the monitoring of a person's health is ongoing and where a measure can change over time, the Service contact date should be recorded.

Information specific to this data set:

High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) is easily measured and has been shown to be a negative predictor of future coronary events.

An inverse relationship between the level of HDL-C and the risk of developing premature coronary heart disease (CHD) has been a consistent finding in a large number of prospective population studies. In many of these studies, the level of HDL-C has been the single most powerful predictor of future coronary events. Key studies of the relationship between HDLs and CHD include the Framingham Heart Study (Castelli et al. 1986), the PROCAM Study (Assman et al 1998), the Helsinki Heart Study (Manninen et al. 1992) and the MRFIT study (Stamler et al. 1986; Neaton et al 1992).

There are several well-documented functions of HDLs that may explain the ability of these lipoproteins to protect against arteriosclerosis (Barter and Rye 1996). The best recognised of these is the cholesterol efflux from cells promoted by HDLs in a process that may minimise the accumulation of foam cells in the artery wall. The major proteins of HDLs and also other proteins (e.g. paraoxonase) that co-transport with HDLs in plasma have anti-oxidant properties. Thus, HDLs have the ability to inhibit the oxidative modification of LDLs and may therefore reduce the atherogenicity of these lipoproteins.

Overall, it has been concluded from the prospective population studies that for every 0.025 mmol/L increase in HDL-C, the coronary risk is reduced by 2-5%. For a review of the relationship between HDL-C and CHD, see Barter and Rye (1996). A level below 1.0 mmol/L increases risk approximately 2-fold (Gordon et al. 1989; Assmann et al. 1998). (Lipid Management Guidelines - 2001, MJA 2001; 175: S57-S88.

In settings such as general practice where the monitoring of a person's health is ongoing and where a measure can change over time, the Service contact date should be recorded.

Information specific to this data set:

Lowered HDL-Cholesterol, with increased serum triglyceride and increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are important risk factors for vascular disease in type 2 diabetes.

In the New South Wales Principles of Care and Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Diabetes Mellitus, recommendations are that HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides are to be measured:

• every 1-2 years (if normal)
• every 3-6 months (if abnormal or on treatment)

and the target is:

• to increase HDL Cholesterol to more than or equal to 1.0 mmol/L
• to reduce total Cholesterol to less than 5.5 mmol/L
• to reduce triglyceride levels to less than 2.0 mmol/L.

If pre-existing cardiovascular disease (bypass surgery or myocardial infarction) total cholesterol should be less than 4.5 mmol/L. A level below 1.0 mmol/L increases risk approximately 2-fold (Gordon et al. 1989; Assmann et al, 1998), (Draft NHF Lipid Guidelines Paper 2001). It has been concluded from prospective population studies that for every 0.025 mmol/L increase in HDL-C, the coronary risk is reduced by 2-5%.

In settings such as general practice where the monitoring of a person's health is ongoing and where a measure can change over time, the date of assessment should be recorded.

References:

National Heart Foundation of Australia - Lipid Management Guidelines 2001.

Information specific to this data set:

Lowered HDL-Cholesterol, with increased serum triglyceride and increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are important risk factors for vascular disease in type 2 diabetes.

In the New South Wales Principles of Care and Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Diabetes Mellitus, recommendations are that HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides are to be measured:

• every 1-2 years (if normal)
• every 3-6 months (if abnormal or on treatment)

and the target is:

• to increase HDL Cholesterol to more than or equal to 1.0 mmol/L
• to reduce total Cholesterol to less than 5.5 mmol/L
• to reduce triglyceride levels to less than 2.0 mmol/L.

If pre-existing cardiovascular disease (bypass surgery or myocardial infarction) total cholesterol should be less than 4.5 mmol/L. A level below 1.0 mmol/L increases risk approximately 2-fold (Gordon et al. 1989; Assmann et al, 1998), (Draft NHF Lipid Guidelines Paper 2001). It has been concluded from prospective population studies that for every 0.025 mmol/L increase in HDL-C, the coronary risk is reduced by 2-5%.

In settings such as general practice where the monitoring of a person's health is ongoing and where a measure can change over time, the date of assessment should be recorded.

References:

National Heart Foundation of Australia - Lipid Management Guidelines 2001.